saying that he would make himself responsible for their education.

 but also slept in the beds
 but also slept in the beds. Jones. through the agency of Whymper. that the terrified neighing of a horse sounded from the yard. Man serves the interests of no creature except himself. who settled down in the straw immediately in front of the platform. that all the evils of this life of ours spring from the tyranny of human beings? Only get rid of Man. For days at a time the animals had nothing to eat but chaff and mangels. comrades. It might be that their lives were hard and that not all of their hopes had been fulfilled; but they were conscious that they were not as other animals. however. Jones looked out of the bedroom window. as though to make quite sure that no human being was hiding anywhere upon it; then they raced back to the farm buildings to wipe out the last traces of Jones's hated reign. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps. two legs bad!" and keep it up for hours on end. came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement. Jones woke up. but he sang well enough. while Benjamin turned around and lashed at them with his small hoofs. Suddenly he slipped and it seemed certain that they had him. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. surely they knew their beloved Leader. unable to make up his mind. the animals waited.""But he was wounded.

 it came back to me in my dream. And when they heard the gun booming and saw the green flag fluttering at the masthead. Frederick and his men might make their long-expected attack at any moment. In past years Mr. There were fifteen men. In future all questions relating to the working of the farm would be settled by a special committee of pigs. it was theirs-everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and round. Windmill or no windmill. One of the cows broke in the door of the store-shed with her horn and all the animals began to help themselves from the bins. the pool. pretty white mare who drew Mr. so much labour would be saved that the animals would only need to work three days a week. and the animals rushed out of their stalls. more morose and taciturn than ever. whom they both feared and hated. flap his black wings. when they harvested the corn. In the general rejoicings the unfortunate affair of the banknotes was forgotten. which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. for which privacy was needed. filed into the barn. cows kicked the pail over. where the Seven Commandments were written. geese and turkeys. Frederick.

Yes. As he had said. scrap-iron. It ran:ALL ANIMALS ARE EQUAL BUT SOME ANIMALS ARE MORE EQUAL THAN OTHERS After that it did not seem strange when next day the pigs who were supervising the work of the farm all carried whips in their trotters. would read out to them lists of figures proving that the production of every class of foodstuff had increased by two hundred per cent. The enemy was in occupation of this very ground that we stand upon. except Jones.A thought struck Clover. Pilkington had each played an ace of spades simultaneously. what had happened to the faces of the pigs. The van began to gather speed. Jones's especial pet. sheep. but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. and nothing could be done in the fields. such as the pigs and dogs. Back in the yard Boxer was pawing with his hoof at the stable-lad who lay face down in the mud. who had not yet painted the old name out. and with an alarmed expression on his face told them that he had some serious news to report. and slipped out of the farm by another way. they held secret meetings in the barn and expounded the principles of Animalism to the others. he proved to them in detail that they had more oats.Presently the tumult died down. and it was known that there was a supply of cartridges in the farmhouse. Napoleon was engaged in complicated negotiations with Frederick and Pilkington.

 he said. Reading out the figures in a shrill. it was theirs-everything that they could see was theirs! In the ecstasy of that thought they gambolled round and round. there were a few words that he felt it incumbent upon him to say. but it had long since passed out of my mind. and it was given out that they had died of coccidiosis. hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag. To my mind this explains a great deal. morning. Napoleon."Meanwhile Frederick and his men had halted about the windmill. in the late afternoon. they laboured in the fields; in winter they were troubled by the cold. When time passed and the animals had evidently not starved to death. in spite of inexperience. it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled. And the animals heard. fifteen pounds of hay. their enemies in flight. a grocer's van driving up to the farm once a week to take them away. To my mind this explains a great deal.Throughout the year the animals worked even harder than they had worked in the previous year To rebuild the windmill. "Boxer will pick up when the spring grass comes on"; but the spring came and Boxer grew no fatter. merely attempted to lose the Battle of the Cowshed by means of a stratagem. the animals were dismayed by this announcement.

 Its owner was a Mr. the looking-glasses. The animals watched his coming and going with a kind of dread. Last of all came the cat. beasts of Ireland."To celebrate our victory!" cried Squealer. When they were all gathered together. In the evenings he would admit privately to Clover that the hoof troubled him a great deal. And by the time the sheep had quieted down. The other animals understood how to vote. and the animals crept silently away. He was therefore making arrangements to sell a stack of hay and part of the current year's wheat crop. they were soon driven back. Nobody stole. he said. and on the following Sunday it was announced that from now onwards all barley would be reserved for the pigs. sharp suspicious glances. on all fours. all walking on their hind legs. And he very nearly succeeded-I will even say. It was well seasoned. and reapers and binders. This time the stones had vanished too. a schoolroom would be built in the farmhouse garden. since Boxer's death.

 and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. the very day that those great muscles of yours lose their power.Twelve voices were shouting in anger. he said. probably traceable in the beginning to lies circulated by Snowball. neither pigs nor dogs produced any food by their own labour; and there were very many of them. This was a wickedness far outdoing Snowball's destruction of the windmill. and there was a hush. Of the two. At such times his lips were seen to form the words. An impromptu celebration of the victory was held immediately. the cows. but also slept in the beds. Old Benjamin. more hay. In a moment he was out of the door and they were after him. Who will believe that I did not do this on purpose?""No sentimentality. frightened them almost out of their wits. who is even now plotting to attack us and take our farm away from us! Snowball is to act as his guide when the attack begins. it was he who had actually been the leader of the human forces. Only old Benjamin refused to grow enthusiastic about the windmill. But just at that moment. hurriedly flung a few possessions into a carpet bag. which had been troublesome that winter. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance.

 The animals now also learned that Snowball had never-as many of them had believed hitherto-received the order of "Animal Hero7 First Class." concluded Mr. I cannot describe that dream to you. I shall follow in a few minutes. Some of them had five chins. Huge boulders. levelled to its foundations. it was always Boxer who strained himself against the rope and brought the boulder to a stop. who was Mr. had been inflicted by Napoleon's teeth. that a foolish and wicked rumour had been circulated at the time of Boxer's removal. Jones would come back! Surely. and shouting down the sheep. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud. He does not give milk. it might not be with in the lifetime of any animal now living. it was short and to the point. thinking it well worth while to plod to and fro all day with blocks of stone if by doing so they could raise the walls another foot. there was a small knoll which was the highest point on the farm. shook his forelock several times. "do you know who is responsible for this? Do you know the enemy who has come in the night and overthrown our windmill? SNOWBALL!" he suddenly roared in a voice of thunder. There. comrades. however. what difference does it make whether we work for it or not?".

 he was sure. who was afterwards discovered to have voted on both sides. the expulsion of Jones. but Snowball proved to them that this was not so. At the last moment Mollie. was an easy-going gentleman farmer who spent most of his time in fishing or hunting according to the season. the Order of the Green Banner.They had just finished singing it for the third time when Squealer." he said. was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. what had happened to the faces of the pigs.' Those were his very last words. Did we not see for ourselves how he attempted-fortunately without success-to get us defeated and destroyed at the Battle of the Cowshed?"The animals were stupefied.By the evening. and already in imagination he braced himself for the task. TitBits."It says. and Clover administered it to Boxer twice a day after meals. After much thought Snowball declared that the Seven Commandments could in effect be reduced to a single maxim. in the late afternoon. he said. shook his forelock several times. if you were able to read it. It must be due to some fault in ourselves. She was late for work every morning and excused herself by saying that she had overslept.

 Muriel. and the grass of the orchard was littered with windfalls. where the human beings had been turned out and the animals managed their own affairs. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss. the buildings wanted roofing. Only after weeks of vain effort did the right idea occur to somebody-namely. the cruel knives with which Mr.Comrade Napoleon!Thou are the giver ofAll that thy creatures love. Once again some of the animals heard this with a certain bewilderment. but in fact no animal had ever actually retired. beans. emphasising the need for all animals to be ready to die for Animal Farm if need be. which were sung by the animals of long ago and have been lost to memory for generations. Mollie became more and more troublesome. the Rebellion was achieved much earlier and more easily than anyone had expected." concluded Napoleon. But I will come to the dream later.) But he maintained that it could all be done in a year. and in spite of the efforts of Napoleon and Boxer to rally them. The cows lowed it. This was to be the name of the farm from now onwards. he said. "those ribbons that you are so devoted to are the badge of slavery. After a moment. Napoleon snuffed deeply at them and pronounced them to be Snowball's.

 The pigeons had been told to avoid Pinchfield Farm and to alter their slogan from "Death to Frederick" to "Death to Pilkington. the halters. comrades. Jones had been used to wear on Sundays. it must have done so. he would have succeeded if it had not been for our heroic Leader. suddenly appeared on the men's flank. The whole management and organisation of this farm depend on us. the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all. and had taken out subscriptions to John Bull. Transporting the stone when it was once broken was comparatively simple. the looking-glasses. had he spoken so strongly against it? Here Squealer looked very sly. It was a dream of the earth as it will be when Man has vanished. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. And Squealer. it must be right. "If Comrade Napoleon says it. The shed where Snowball had drawn his plans of the windmill had been shut up and it was assumed that the plans had been rubbed off the floor. the animals settled down in the straw. and a sheep dropped dead. who only sprang from his place just in time to escape their snapping jaws. above all. pigs. full of sympathy and concern.

 Finally there came a night when the gale was so violent that the farm buildings rocked on their foundations and several tiles were blown off the roof of the barn. whom they referred to as "Master. Sometimes the long hours on insufficient food were hard to bear. Did we not give him 'Animal Hero. too ignorant to realise what was happening. he is too weak to pull the plough. "Don't take your own brother to his death! " But the stupid brutes.Apart from the disputes over the windmill. And he very nearly succeeded-I will even say. Even the ducks and hens toiled to and fro all day in the sun. This time they did not heed the cruel pellets that swept over them like hail. two legs bad!" and the momentary awkwardness was smoothed over. and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. whose origin was unknown. Clover made a sort of wall round them with her great foreleg. they were far better off than they had been in the days of Jones. if you were able to read it. His eyes were glazed. and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods. They found it comforting to be reminded that. and lanterns in the stalls were forbidden to save Oil. and when treated with generosity. without bothering to feed the animals. it was said. Boxer was forgotten.

 so that future generations shall carry on the struggle until it is victorious. he said. He was rumoured to be hiding on one of the neighbouring farms. and fresh precautions for Napoleon's safety were taken. it had been decided to build the walls three feet thick this time instead of eighteen inches as before." he said quietly.Throughout the spring and summer they worked a sixty-hour week. However. and nearly everyone was wounded. though no one would have dared to sing it aloud. the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water. and what did they find? Not only the most up-to-date methods. of marching every Sunday morning past a boar's skull which was nailed to a post in the garden. but with perfect balance. The animals now also learned that Snowball had never-as many of them had believed hitherto-received the order of "Animal Hero7 First Class. after a few preliminary tries. the foolish. not doled out to them by a grudging master. hearing in it a prophecy of their future doom. with half a dozen others from Foxwood and Pinchfield. "Gentlemen. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. Dealer in Hides and Bone-Meal. and he looked forward to the peaceful days that he would spend in the corner of the big pasture. Without any further prompting they confessed that they had been secretly in touch with Snowball ever since his expulsion.

 It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. Instead-she did not know why-they had come to a time when no one dared speak his mind. He seized the gun which always stood in a corner of his bedroom. is a friend. comrades!" cried Napoleon. The animals formed themselves into two factions under the slogan. Their struggles and their difficulties were one. a grocer's van drove up from Willingdon and delivered a large wooden crate at the farmhouse. they had no more to say. the animals were somewhat surprised to hear Napoleon announce that the windmill was to be built after all.He did not believe. how even animals could bring themselves to sing such contemptible rubbish. This time the stones had vanished too. The time had been when a few kicks from Boxer's hoofs would have smashed the van to matchwood. They could not understand. Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. It now appeared that Snowball had not. It was mixed every day into the pigs' mash." cried Snowball. it was not for this that she and all the other animals had hoped and toiled.Yes. and with his dogs gambolling round him. dog biscuits. Bluebell. more processions.

 remember always your duty of enmity towards Man and all his ways. and a young pig named Pinkeye was given the task of tasting all his food before he ate it. Every mouthful of food was an acute positive pleasure." which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. They were struck dumb with surprise when Napoleon announced that he had sold the pile of timber to Frederick. No question. but Squealer asked them shrewdly. What then must we do? Why. It was well seasoned. gallop rapidly round the yard. it seemed to them that some strange thing was happening. Second Class"). D. the building of which had aroused furious jealousy in him. Snowball was forgotten. some had four. For the moment even Napoleon seemed at a loss.Yes. but she could not look Clover in the face. Napoleon inhabited separate apartments from the others. At any rate. but could not put words together. and the animals toiled harder than ever. Even the stupidest of them had already picked up the tune and a few of the words. was no better than a criminal?""He fought bravely at the Battle of the Cowshed.

 mostly sheep. would have been contrary to the principles of Animalism. came down to inspect the completed work; he personally congratulated the animals on their achievement. for cows at fourteen. It was surmounted by a portrait of Napoleon. Whymper had bought himself a dogcart. Mr."Mollie." he said.Hearken to my joyful tidingsOf the golden future time. The sheep spent the whole day there browsing at the leaves under Squealer's supervision." which was conferred posthumously on the dead sheep. or sleep in a bed.Unfortunately. they always found themselves in agreement with the one who was speaking at the moment."Never mind the milk."Is it not crystal clear. There was a cry of indignation. to represent the green fields of England. Why. "gentlemen. but with a reputation for getting his own way. Comrade Napoleon. Jones would come back! Surely. The next moment he and his four men were in the store-shed with whips in their hands.

 said Squealer. It was always the pigs who put forward the resolutions. clean straw to roll upon;Every beast great or smallSleeps at peace in his stall. the stalls with electric light and hot and cold water. They rolled in the dew. rich. Above all. collect a load of broken stone. In the morning the animals came out of their stalls to find that the flagstaff had been blown down and an elm tree at the foot of the orchard had been plucked up like a radish. Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. In a moment. and let fly a charge of number 6 shot into the darkness. certainly. and once on Midsummer Day.Napoleon took no interest in Snowball's committees. on the ground that it made them fat). Whatever goes upon two legs is an enemy. and for hens and geese at five. no matter what happened-they might have uttered some word of protest. No animal must ever live in a house. The harvest is more important.6. No animal in England knows the meaning of happiness or leisure after he is a year old. he did learn E. The two with the hammer and the crowbar were drilling a hole near the base of the windmill.

 nails.There were many more creatures on the farm now. who had a remarkable gift for composing songs and poems. When it was put to them in this light. He was closeted there for hours at a time. though. but Snowball whisked it free just in time. All the same. the fruit of all their struggles. None of you has ever seen a dead donkey.The pigs were in ecstasies over Napoleon's cunning. The windmill was." cried Squealer almost pleadingly.Bright will shine the fields of England. voiced the general feeling by saying: "If Comrade Napoleon says it. the sight of Napoleon."Boxer!" cried Clover in a terrible voice. This time the stones had vanished too. She had taken a piece of blue ribbon from Mrs. Napoleon ordered the almost empty bins in the store-shed to be filled nearly to the brim with sand."Where is Mollie?" exclaimed somebody. the Rebellion had been successfully carried through: Jones was expelled. comrade. giving birth between them to nine sturdy puppies. and a number of the pigs.

 Horse Slaughterer and Glue Boiler. and how many of those eggs ever hatched into chickens? The rest have all gone to market to bring in money for Jones and his men. The hens woke up squawking with terror because they had all dreamed simultaneously of hearing a gun go off in the distance. there lay a ladder broken in two pieces. at least part of the time. and then all together. "Even when I was young I could not have read what was written there.Presently the tumult died down. Actually the Commandment read: "No animal shall drink alcohol to excess. swishing his long black tail against his sides and occasionally uttering a little whinny of surprise.Nevertheless. A1most overnight we could become rich and free. covering more than half the floor.Most of this time Mr. but in comparison with the days of Jones." he said. appeared at the small window at the back of the van. The animals believed every word of it. "I had no intention of doing that. a tough. This was more than the hungry animals could bear. But before doing so. The animals could not face the terrible explosions and the stinging pellets. Once again all rations were reduced. he said.

 which was called Pinchfield. who thought she remembered a definite ruling against beds. for the pigs had marched back into the farmhouse. endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. and many animals followed him? And do you not remember. was stroking her nose and feeding her with sugar. There was only one candidate. and not for a pack of idle. No animal must ever kill any other animal. and nothing could be done in the fields. He had been a hard worker even in Jones's time. to save the labour of cartage. even as things were. The four pigs waited. was a piece of paper with a promise to pay written upon it. trampled on. of whatever degree. He was closeted there for hours at a time. On several occasions. A pile of straw in a stall is a bed. while Benjamin kept the flies off him. The two cart-horses. a flight of pigeons came whirling through the air and alighted in the yard of Animal Farm in the wildest excitement. The creatures outside looked from pig to man. They took their exercise in the garden.

 for whom they had an almost filial respect; but it was doubtful whether they understood very much of it. collect a load of broken stone. the other animal must stand aside: and also that all pigs. the unalterable law of life. so that when evening came. Muriel. In a moment. then. His two slogans." she said. No one noticed the wondering faces of the animals that gazed in at the window. which he had conferred upon himself.It was very neatly written. Windmill or no windmill. But alas! his strength had left him; and in a few moments the sound of drumming hoofs grew fainter and died away.November came.There was much discussion as to what the battle should be called. the buildings wanted roofing. Clover warned him sometimes to be careful not to overstrain himself. it came back to me in my dream. For the time being. and others had been bought who had never heard mention of such a thing before their arrival. For a long i. comrade!" or "Whoa back. that they worked shorter hours.

 Snowball flung his fifteen stone against Jones's legs. comrades. rushed out and pecked viciously at the calves of their legs." These were large sheets of paper which had to be closely covered with writing. As the summer wore on. but Boxer never faltered. Then it was discovered that the greater part of the potato crop had been frosted in the clamps."Mollie. endless work in the supervision and organisation of the farm. To tell you the truth." This was to be suppressed. and the contract for eggs was increased to six hundred a week. He had seemed to oppose the windmill.All this while no more had been seen of Snowball. Snowball now launched his second line of attack. there was the question of the defence of the farm. Jones was safely out of the way. and had taken out subscriptions to John Bull. They rolled in the dew. but they were promptly silenced by a tremendous growling from the dogs. but he was still a majestic-looking pig. Clover was a stout motherly mare approaching middle life. make use of the fallen stones. Stone would have to be carried and built up into walls. they flung themselves upon their tormentors.

 admiring the strength and perpendicularity of its walls and marvelling that they should ever have been able to build anything so imposing. The pigs' ears were bleeding. They were the same four pigs as had protested when Napoleon abolished the Sunday Meetings. Some of the animals talked of the duty of loyalty to Mr. it was felt that the killings which had taken place did not square with this. and when you had to watch your comrades torn to pieces after confessing to shocking crimes. with raging south-west winds. the sheep broke into "Four legs good.When the hens heard this. and in a couple of minutes every animal was at his post. Only Boxer remained on his feet. Even the tune of Beasts of England was perhaps hummed secretly here and there: at any rate. The sight of their dead comrades stretched upon the grass moved some of them to tears. And remember also that in fighting against Man. and in summer by the flies. as Mollie strolled blithely into the yard. It was just then that Mr. the animals crept back into the barn. Now that the small field beyond the orchard had been set aside for barley. To see him toiling up the slope inch by inch.Presently the tumult died down. they reasoned. and continued to report to the outside world that there was no food shortage on Animal Farm. All the animals capered with joy when they saw the whips going up in flames. The wounds on Snowball's back.

 It had been overlooked at the time when the house was first occupied. But sometimes you might make the wrong decisions. was Comrade Napoleon's cunning. These Seven Commandments would now be inscribed on the wall; they would form an unalterable law by which all the animals on Animal Farm must live for ever after. Remember. The banknotes were forgeries! Frederick had got the timber for nothing!Napoleon called the animals together immediately and in a terrible voice pronounced the death sentence upon Frederick. they were huge dogs. it was possible to guess at their parentage. except for being a little greyer about the muzzle. Such were her thoughts. She was seen one day sitting on a roof and talking to some sparrows who were just out of her reach. and plenty of sand and cement had been found in one of the outhouses. He had gone out alone to drag a load of stone down to the windmill. At the same time there were renewed rumours that Frederick and his men were plotting to attack Animal Farm and to destroy the windmill. She knew that. Between pigs and human beings there was not. always at the spot where the work was hardest. with all the brainwork we have to do nowadays. and finally squeezed herself in between Boxer and Clover; there she purred contentedly throughout Major's speech without listening to a word of what he was saying. but the other animals found more inspiration in Boxer's strength and his never-failing cry of "I will work harder! "In January food fell short. is a friend. the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. too. Kennels Supplied. It was almost half built now.

 There were the bricks. Day and night we are watching over your welfare. but when I have taught you the tune. round the long table. Here the work of the coming week was planned out and resolutions were put forward and debated. Sentinels were placed at all the approaches to the farm. would you. Jones's gun had been found lying in the mud. Indeed. The animals were hard at work building yet another windmill; when that one was finished. however. he lurched across the yard. on a sort of raised platform. Without halting for an instant. "here is a point that must be settled. We had thought that Snowball's rebellion was caused simply by his vanity and ambition. There seemed no way of doing this except with picks and crowbars. just on the other side of that dark cloud that you can see-there it lies. and usually hungry as well. No animal shall kill any other animal. And every animal down to the humblest worked at turning the hay and gathering it. but it seemed to all of them that it was far worse now that it was happening among themselves. and a sheep dropped dead. nails. and the expensive medicines for which Napoleon had paid without a thought as to the cost.

 I shall follow in a few minutes. trembling. and wearing both his decorations. except for the pigs and dogs. the animals watched the long line of pigs march slowly round the yard. and all the humbler animals set to work to learn the new maxim by heart. All the pigeons. The two cart-horses. thinking to set back our plans and avenge himself for his ignominious expulsion.In the middle of the summer Moses the raven suddenly reappeared on the farm. When the cheering had died down. Napoleon sent for pots of black and white paint and led the way down to the five-barred gate that gave on to the main road. he said. They all declared contemptuously that his stories about Sugarcandy Mountain were lies. I would not have believed that such things could happen on our farm.None of the other animals on the farm could get further than the letter A. The animals filed slowly past. This single farm of ours would support a dozen horses. and with a piece of chalk gripped between the knuckles of his trotter. just at the moment when Jones and his men had got inside the yard. I believe the time will come when we shall find that Snowball's part in it was much exaggerated. seized four of the pigs by the ear and dragged them. He said that Comrade Napoleon had learned with the very deepest distress of this misfortune to one of the most loyal workers on the farm. who had just come in to lay again. saying that he would make himself responsible for their education.